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A submarine aircraft carrier is a submarine equipped with aircraft for surveillance or attack missions. The submarine saw the most use during World War II, although its operational significance was minimal. The most famous of these were the Japanese I-400 class submarine and the Frch submarine Surcouf, although somewhat similar vessels were also built for the navies of other countries.
Submersible Aircraft Carrier
Most operational submarine carriers, with the exception of the I-400 and AM classes, used their aircraft for reconnaissance and surveillance. This is in contrast to a typical surface aircraft base, whose main role is to serve as a base for attack aircraft.
An 1: America's Plan For Submarine Aircraft Carriers
Germany was the first country to experiment with submarine-launched aircraft carriers, starting with Oberleutnant zur See Friedrich von Arnold de la Perriere, commander of the Imperial German Naval Air Service, who commanded a unit of two Friedrichshafen FF.29 reconnaissance seaplanes at Zeebrugge. One of the first U-boats to arrive at the Zeebrugge base was Captain Lieutenant Walther Forstmann's SM U-12, which was to serve as a submarine aircraft carrier.
The unarmed FF-29 seaplane was modified to carry 26+ 12.0 kg bombs. 25 December 1915
One of the newly converted aircraft flew over the English Channel and the River Thames, dropping bombs on the outskirts of London, although it suffered only minor damage. He was chased by British fighters, but returned safely to base. On this first bombing mission it was clear that the aircraft suffered more from a lack of range.
Encouraged by this success, Arnold and Forstmann theorized that they could increase the range by transporting the aircraft to the coast of Great Britain on the deck of a submarine in the take-off position and lowering the aircraft partially underwater, keeping the seaplane afloat. On 6 January 1915, U-12 launched FF-29 from her deck at Zeebrugge, protecting the breakwater Zeebrugge Mall. The aircraft again collided with the athwart and the submarine to port, dwarfed by the biplane's 53 ft 2 (16.21 m) wingspan, which extended some 188 ft (57 m) in length, to the smaller submarine Elgith. . U-12 carried FF-29 for 30 miles before flooding the bow tanks and allowing the seaplane to float off the deck, after which the plane took off. Arnold intended to leave the original dive, but decided against it. After gaining altitude, Arnold departed for the British coast, which he apparently flew with an unknown person before returning to Zeebrugge. Although the aircraft was taken out to sea and floated safely away from the deck of the submarine, it was clear that improvements were needed in the process and setup.
Forever Blowing Bubbles
Arnold and Forstmann proposed further trials to the German Navy Board, but their project was deemed impractical and abandoned. Plans were revisited in 1917 to increase the strike power of new German submarines, such as the long-range cruiser-type Untersiboot, which was to be equipped with small patrol seaplanes that could be assembled, disassembled and stored on board. Special detachments on deck - but this idea was abandoned at the end of the war.
Two aircraft designed for this purpose were the Hansa-Brandberg W.20 biplane and the LFG Stralsund V19 Putbus low-wing monoplane. The first type was designed in 1917 for use in cruiser submarines, which never entered service.
The British also experimented with an aircraft-carrying submarine concept, in which HMS E22 was equipped in the same way as a German U-boat, but intended to intercept German airships while crossing the North Sea. It was able to launch two Sopwith Schneider seaplanes in 1916. However, as in the German experiment, the planes were carried unattached on deck and a submarine could not sink them without losing them.
Serkoff was a French submarine ordered in December 1927, launched on 18 October 1929 and commissioned in May 1934. Displacing 4,000 tons (3,600 t) and sinking, Serkoff was the world's largest submarine at the start of World War II.
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The Sarkouf was designed as an "underwater cruiser" intended to be spotted and intercepted in surface combat. During the first part of the mission, he carried an observation plane in a hangar built at the rear of the control tower; In the second section, she was armed not only with 12 torpedo tubes, but also with two 8-inch (203 mm) gun turrets forward of the conning tower. The guns were fed from a magazine containing 60 rounds and controlled by a pilot with a 5.03 m rangefinder mounted high to see a 7-mile (11 km) horizon. In theory, an observation aircraft can fire weapons at a maximum distance of 24 kilometers. Anti-aircraft and machine guns were mounted on top of the hangar.
The submarine Ettore Fieramosca was commissioned by the Regia Marina (Italian Navy) in the late 1920s for a watertight hangar for small reconnaissance seaplanes. In 1928, Macchi and Piaggio each received orders for suitable aircraft, resulting in the Macchi M.53 and Piaggio P.8, but the program was canceled and the submarine's hangar was removed in December 1931 before it was delivered to Ettore Fieramosca.
The Japanese made extensive use of the "submarine aircraft carrier" concept, starting with the J2 classes I-6 and J3 classes in 1937-38. A total of 42 submarines were built to carry seaplanes, one of which is the I-8.
After the heavy gun-carrying HMS M1 and the Washington Naval Treaty, which prohibited the armament of ships that were not capital ships, the remaining M-class submarines were converted to other uses. By 1927, HMS M2 had ceased operations with a watertight hangar for the Parnell Pateau seaplane, which had folding wings and could be launched and retrieved by crane. In October 1928, she was fitted with a hydraulic catapult, which enabled the seaplane to be launched from the forward hull ramp. A submarine and its aircraft can provide reconnaissance in front of a submerged fleet in danger.
The Us Navy's Plan To Dominate The Future: An Underwater Aircraft Carrier?
The United States began researching the concept in 1922, when two Kaspar U.1 seaplanes were purchased from Germany for evaluation at Anacostia Naval Station. One aircraft was later lost during a demonstration flight in 1923, but they provided useful technical information.
The US Navy ordered six Cox-Clamin XS-1s and six Martin MS-1s, both small seaplanes that could be easily disassembled like the Casper U-1. Both were tested on the S-1 from October to November 1923. Later, Cox-Clam built the improved XS-2 model and Lowing the XSL model, but the Navy lost interest in the concept.
Interest in the concept waned due to the aircraft's launch and recovery problems, limited military value, and news that the British submarine M2 was sunk during trials in 1933, in addition to damage to the XSL.
The Kriegsmarine (German Navy) also began developing submarines capable of launching aircraft, and in early 1939 ordered four very large "cruiser" U-boats. The boat was to be twice the size of any existing U-boat, and its number was the largest since 1939. At the time, the crew of 110 carried one Arado Ar 231 seaplane, but this was withdrawn when war broke out later that year.
Imperial Japanese Submarine Aircraft Carrier I 401, Captured After Wwii.[4953 × 2946]
Although some U-boats were not simply aircraft, they carried the Fok-Eggalis Fa 330 (Gl.: Wagtail). It was a type of rotary winged kite known as a gyroglider or rotor kite. They were towed behind German U-boats during World War II and allowed to look at a kite to see ahead.
Another German long-range U-boat was the Type IX D2 "Monsoon" which was used in the Indian Ocean and Far East in Pang (occupied Malaya). To help such submarines, the "autogyro kite" Fok-Eggelis Fa 330 "Bechstelze" was developed. They were used in the Indian Ocean and occasionally in the South Atlantic, but their use hindered the submarine's ability to sink quickly.
The Fletner Fl 282A "Colibri" reconnaissance helicopter was also designed for use from long-range submarines. This single-seat helicopter was constructed of welded steel tubing and sized to store the rotor blades and landing gear, 5.9 feet [1.8 m] in diameter, in an 18-foot [5.5 m] long pressurized hangar in a U-boat. . The Fl 282 "Colibria" was never used on a German submarine.
The Japanese made extensive use of the submarine aircraft carrier concept. A total of 47 submarines were built with seaplane carrying capacity. Most IJN submarine carriers could only carry one aircraft, although some types could carry two and the larger I-400 class submarines three.
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Type B1 (I-15 series) submarines (I-15, I-17, I-19, I-21, I-23, I-25, I-26, I-27, I-28, I-29 , I-30, I-31, I-32, I-33, I-34, I-35, I-36, I-37, I-38, I-39) were the most numerous submarine types. Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. A total of 20 were made, starting with number no
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