Kontakt-1 Era Bricks - Each Kontakt-1 unit consists of two 4S20 explosive elements, consisting of plastic explosives placed between two flat steel plates. The principle of operation of the armor consists in the destruction of jets of profiled charges by forcefully separating the steel plates that close the explosive layer in the explosion. It is sometimes said that the large number of small gaps between individual blocks leaves a statistically significant portion of the tank surface vulnerable, but this is only partially true at certain angles. This is discussed in the diagram below, taken from the book "Tank Defense" by V.A Grigoryan. The 'N' column of numbers on the left shows the number of reactive plates a profiled charge jet must pass depending on the point of impact. As you can see, even if a warhead hits the side of one of the Kontakt-1 blocks, the design of the blocks is such that the jet must pass through at least two elements of the 4S20. If a warhead hits the center of a Contact-1 block, the shaped charge jet will intersect the 4S20 element of the first block and then continue to the next block where it will intersect the same 4S20 element for a total of three intersections.
Thanks to the 68-degree angle of installation of the upper glacis and turret cheeks, the 40 mm distance between the Kontakt-1 blocks does not significantly weaken the overall protective properties of the jet armor. The overlap between the blocks when viewed from the front is also sufficient to counteract the reduction in ERA efficiency from side effects (a shaped charge jet hitting the side of the ERA element).
Kontakt-1 Era Bricks
From a frontal perspective, the Kontakt-1 provides uncompromising coverage despite the presence of gaps between the individual blocks. The same can be said for the blocks mounted on the side sills. Obviously, the height, angle and spacing of the jet armor package is specifically tailored for a 68 degree mounting angle, and problems can arise when units are mounted at smaller angles. As long as the blocks are mounted at the right angle, there are only a few instances where the spaces between the blocks become weak points, but they are still quite small.
Cobbling Together A T 72b?
The 4C20 elements are arranged in a V-shape with an angle of 9 degrees between them. The mass of the explosive in each element is 260 grams, and the explosive power is equal to 280 grams of TNT. The explosive elements are highly insensitive, mainly to ensure safety in rough handling, but also to ensure that accidental machine gun detonation and napalm attacks are not possible. Kontakt-1 is safe enough from external damage that destroyed Kontakt-1 clad tanks are observed everywhere to retain their Kontakt-1 blocks, even if the metal of the tank itself is completely burned by catastrophic destruction. This indicates that the blocks do not explode even when burned by the intense heat of bullets or gasoline for a long time. Here are some examples:
The very insensitive nature of the plastic explosives contained in the 4S20 explains why Kontakt-1 has almost no effect on KE rounds - they are so insensitive that they do not explode on impact. The low sensitivity makes it easier for tandem warheads to defeat the Kontakt-1 using the no-initiation approach. However, the 4S20 elements can still be a fire hazard if the tank is attacked by napalm because the explosive charge will still burn when exposed to extreme heat for a long time. This meant that large areas of the tank could be left unprotected after being submerged in burning napalm.
Each block weighs 5.7kg and the reduced size block is slightly less. The complete set, covering the entire tank, weighs about 1.2 tons. The 4S20 explosives can be removed from the block by simply unscrewing it, leaving empty metal boxes bolted to the tank. This is always done as a precaution before placing tanks for long-term storage.
Detonation of one Kontakt-1 block usually has little effect on adjacent blocks due to the sufficient strength of the 3 mm steel sheet steel boxes. This completely prevents chain detonations. However, sheet steel cases are usually insufficient to withstand the blast pressure of a large explosive warhead, especially if there is a strong fragmentation effect. Thus, although a shock missile or HEAT grenade may only detonate Contact-1 blocks traversing the trajectory of the shaped charge jet, the explosion may tear many blocks from the surface of the tank. Energy fragmentation is capable of detonating 4S20 explosive elements on the Kontakt-1, making powerful HEAT projectiles from tanks most effective at removing ERA from the tank surface because they have a thick warhead casing made of steel, compared to light aluminum, such as in rockets and light grenades. In fact, the shrapnel produced by the 125 mm 3BK-14Mprojectiles has enough energy to penetrate the frontal armor of most APCs.
A T 72b Gunner Explaining How The Kontakt 1 Era On His Tank Saved His And His Crews Lives.
In the article "Dynamic protection. Изралиский шит ковался в... USSR?" reports that between 9-31% of the protected surface on a part of a tank's turret can be left unprotected by Kontakt-1 blocks after the detonation of a high-profile warhead. reactive weapons on 16-71% (!) of the protected surface of the upper glacis can be neutralized and blocks on 31-51% of the protected surface of the hull sides can be neutralized. The test was carried out using 9M112M rockets and 3BK-14M projectiles, both of which contain large explosive charges. In addition to this, the 3BK-14M has a strong fragmentation effect that increases its effectiveness in removing larger number of Kontakt-1 blocks.
This is developed in more detail in the report "Survivability analysis of dynamic protection of domestic tanks". On average, the area covered by Kontakt-1 that remains exposed after the impact of a HEAT projectile fired from a tank (represented by a 125 mm 3BK-14M) is reported to be 70-85% in the upper and lower hull glaciers , 20 -30% on each side of the dome and 50-55% on the sides of the hull.
The number of Kontakt-1 blocks removed from the grenade of a light shoulder weapon such as the RPG-7, Carl Gustaf or M72 LAW is comparatively small. The photo on the left below shows a T-72B hit by a FUEL grenade inland while fighting in Chechnya. A PG-7 grenade of unknown model was used. The combined force of the grenade explosion and a Kontakt-1 block managed to dislodge a small number of blocks around the point of impact and left a wound in the skirt, but the overall damage was very limited. The photo below right shows a Syrian T-72AB that suffered similar damage. The explosion of a Kontakt-1 unit tore a hole in the skirt and took out the remaining units around it.
When a shaped charge jet passes through the explosive elements, the resulting explosions will propel the steel casing at very high speeds at oblique angles to the jet, thus cutting off much of the jet's body. Compared to the Israeli Blazer ERA, the Kontakt-1 is more powerful, has more flying plates, has a better angle, is less sensitive to angle changes and has a more optimized sandwich layout. This is compounded by the lack of special corner brackets for the Blazer to increase the slope of the explosive elements.
Syria's Steel Beasts: The T 72
Each individual 4S20 explosive element is technically considered a reactive armor panel. In Russian nomenclature, each explosive element is classified as a so-called "Dynamic Element" because it can work well on its own, like a "Blazer" for example. The explosive element consists of two steel sheets of medium hardness covered with a layer of plastic explosive. The steel box containing the two explosive elements has walls about 2-3 mm thick. This relatively high thickness gives the boxes enough rigidity so that they can support the weight of a person standing on top without buckling, and enough strength so that they are not easily damaged by heavy objects falling into the tank (bricks, concrete) or from small arms fire. The relatively high thickness also helps ensure that impacting projectiles experience enough resistance to ignite properly, as opposed to penetrating straight through the ERA block without detonating. Furthermore, the walls of the steel case not only function as a container for the explosive elements, but also contribute to the overall destructive effect against the assembled charges when the explosive charge is detonated.
The thickness of the three layers of each 4S20 element is not disclosed, but from the picture above it appears that the ratio of the thickness of the steel plates covering the thickness of the explosive layer is 1:2. By scaling the known thickness of a full 4S20 plate to the 3 mm steel box wall, the thickness of the steel sheets
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